Nerval, o tenebroso
13/11/13 03:00Cidalisas, Melusinas. Mirto e Cibele. Santa Gudula e Lusignan: belos nomes, que pouquíssima gente conhece, enfeitam os versos de Gérard de Nerval (1808-1855), que aparecem agora no Brasil em bonita tradução de Mauro Gama para a Ateliê Editorial.
Existem poetas difíceis, poetas obscuros, poetas “modernos”. Nerval cabe em categoria ligeiramente diversa. Ele é um mestre do “oculto”, do “esotérico”. Entre seus livros de cabeceira estava o “Dicionário Mito-Hermético”, de um certo Dom Pernety, e ele abusava de referências cifradas à alquimia e ao tarô.
Natural que os surrealistas, quase um século depois, tomassem Nerval como um precursor. Natural também que os editores e eruditos se esfalfem, até hoje, para entender os seus poemas mais famosos.
A edição brasileira não se perde muito em detalhes, e deixa apenas que o leitor comece a se familiarizar com a beleza cintilante e visionária de alguns versos, que mesmo em português se impõem à memória do leitor.
“Eu sou o Tenebroso —o Viúvo— o Inconsolado” começa o mais célebre soneto de Nerval. Até aí, tudo bem; escritores brasileiros, como Carlos Drummond, não deixaram de prestar homenagem às dores eróticas e psíquicas do poeta, que se enforcou numa noite de inverno, na rua da Velha Lanterna, em Paris.
Mas o verso seguinte do poema já nos deixa sem referências: Nerval se compara “ao Príncipe da Aquitânia na torre derruída”. A torre em ruínas, diz a nota de uma edição francesa, é uma das cartas do tarô, e o príncipe da Aquitânia é o próprio poeta, que se julgava descendente de alguma nobreza imaginária. Essas explicações que nem sempre ajudam.
O mais importante é sentir que tudo se passa em outra esfera de realidade. Nerval fala de personagens obscuríssimos como se todos nós os conhecêssemos. A magia sonora do poema vai crescendo, e quando chegamos às estrofes finais é como se as próprias palavras comuns, já sem necessidade de notas explicativas, ganhassem um sentido que só o poeta pode desvendar.
“Tenho o rosto ainda rubro ao beijo de uma Rainha…/Sonhei dentro da grota onde a Sereia nada…” e na lira de Orfeu modulei “os suspiros da Santa e os gritos da Fada”.
Que Santa? Que Fada? Talvez não dê para saber exatamente a quem o poeta se refere. Como essas palavras encerram o soneto, algo de definitivo se pronuncia, e seu impacto cresce na mente do leitor.
Que uma fada grite, eis a principal surpresa; que a seus gritos se alternem os suspiros de uma santa, é algo que se pode tentar interpretar.
Tradutor do “Fausto” de Goethe, Nerval parece estar falando daqui de um “eterno feminino” que é feito de carne e de espiritualidade. O grito de uma fada só pode ser um grito
de prazer; o suspiro da santa é um enlevo de pureza.
Ao mesmo tempo, essa dualidade possui um significado histórico, dentro de preocupações que Nerval compartilhava com seu contemporâneo Heine (1797-1856), cujos escritos também traduziu.
A saber, o contraste entre o mundo pagão e o mundo do catolicismo medieval. A fada, a sacerdotisa, a druida, a deusa grega ou egípcia, sobrevive nas florestas, nos templos e nos cultos secretos dos iniciados. “Os Deuses no Exílio”, lindo livro em prosa de Heine, trata dessa sobrevivência também —e também tem tradução brasileira, pela editora Iluminuras.
Mas o mundo das santas medievais, das torres e dos castelos de província também está em ruínas nos bosques europeus. O “viúvo”, o “desconsolado”, é alguém que tenta, como Orfeu depois da morte de Eurídice, trazer a amada de volta. Não mais da profundeza infernal, mas de um paraíso que a indústria e a ciência do século 19 sepultaram.
Os poemas de Nerval parecem, assim, registrar numa língua quase desconhecida a expectativa de que um mundo encantado, rapidamente entrevisto em sonho, pudesse renascer.
Uma coisa é certa, diz Nerval num ciclo de sonetos igualmente famoso: “Deus não existe”, morreu, e o céu está vazio. Tais palavras, num lance surpreendente, saem dos lábios de Jesus.
Em “Cristo no Jardim das Oliveiras”, o filho de Deus tenta avisar os apóstolos da “novidade”; todos dormem, menos Judas —que se afasta, “amargo e pensativo”, achando que lhe pagaram pouco pela traição. Jesus é capturado pelos guardas, como um novo Ícaro; tragam-me esse louco, diz Pilatos.
Enquanto isso, o Olimpo desaba; nenhum oráculo pagão irá decifrar o enigma de Jesus —aquele que deu alma aos filhos do barro. Criaturas que, na mitologia de Nerval, procurarão unir-se às filhas do fogo pagão.
Os enigmas de Nerval, o tenebroso, continuam brilhando na escuridão.
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